Quantitative findings showed that the parenting programme retained its effectiveness when going to scale through consistent associations with reduced violence against children, and improved parenting and mental health, in standard service delivery by NGOs and governments. In addition, qualitative findings identified some of the conditions necessary for the successful implementation of parenting programmes as well as considerations for scaling.

Regarding enablers of programme delivery, stakeholders identified cultural acceptability, stakeholder engagement and involvement, and design of the programme as key. Barriers included the COVID-19 pandemic (research was conducted at the time of the pandemic), lack of male participation, poor administrative support, and costs of implementation. In terms of scale-up considerations, participants highlighted that it was important to gain stakeholder buy-in, to consider a mix of in-person and digital approaches, and to maintain flexibility in the programme delivery. 

These findings point to the value of creating an enabling environment for the implementation of parenting programmes, through a system of support (from the involvement of key stakeholders and key organisations) and key stakeholder involvement (i.e. government and other civil organisations).